Visualizza wikitesto di Django (web framework)

{{Infobox Software
| name                   = Django
| logo                   = [[Image:Django logo.png]]
| screenshot             = [[Image:Django default page.png|250px]]
| caption                = The default Django page
| developer              = Lawrence Journal-World
| latest release version = 1.0.2
| latest release date    = {{release date|2008|11|19}}
| genre                  = [[Web application framework]]
| license                = [[BSD License]]
| programming language   = [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| website                = http://www.djangoproject.com
}}

'''Django''' (pronunciation: {{IPA|/ˈdʒæŋgoː/}}, JANG-goh<ref>[http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/faq/general/#what-does-django-mean-and-how-do-you-pronounce-it What does “Django” mean, and how do you pronounce it?]</ref>) is an [[open source]] [[web application framework]], written in [[Python (programming language)|Python]], which loosely follows the [[model-view-controller]] [[Design pattern (computer science)|design pattern]].<ref>[http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/faq/general/#django-appears-to-be-a-mvc-framework-but-you-call-the-controller-the-view-and-the-view-the-template-how-come-you-don-t-use-the-standard-names Django FAQ about MVC in Django]</ref> It was originally developed to manage several news-oriented sites for [[Lawrence Journal-World|The World Company]]<ref>[http://www2.ljworld.com/about LJWorld.com / About us<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> of [[Lawrence, Kansas]], and was released publicly under a [[BSD license]] in July 2005; the framework was named after [[gypsy jazz]] guitarist [[Django Reinhardt]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.djangoproject.com/documentation/faq/ |title=Django FAQ |accessdate=2008-04-01 |format=HTML |publisher=Lawrence Journal-World }}</ref> In June 2008 it was announced that a newly formed Django Software Foundation will take care of Django in the future. <ref>[http://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2008/jun/17/foundation/ Announcing the Django Software Foundation]</ref>

Django's primary goal is to ease the creation of complex, database-driven websites. Django emphasizes reusability and "pluggability" of components, rapid development, and the principle of [[Don't repeat yourself|DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself)]]. Python is used throughout, even for settings, files, and data models.

Django also provides an optional administrative [[Create, read, update and delete|"CRUD"]] interface that is generated dynamically through [[Introspection (computer science)|introspection]] and configured via admin models.

==Components==

The core Django framework consists of an [[object-relational mapping|object-relational mapper]] which mediates between [[data modeling|data models]] (defined as Python classes) and a [[relational database]]; a [[regular expression|regular-expression]]-based [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] dispatcher; a view system for processing requests; and a [[web template system|templating system]].

Also included in the core framework are:

* A lightweight, standalone web server for development and testing.
* A form serialization and validation system which can translate between [[HTML]] forms and values suitable for storage in the database.
* A [[Web cache|caching]] framework which can use any of several cache methods.
* Support for [[middleware]] classes which can intervene at various stages of request processing and carry out custom functions.
* An internal dispatcher system which allows components of an application to communicate events to each other via pre-defined signals.
* An [[internationalization]] system, including translations of Django's own components into a variety of languages.
* A serialization system which can produce and read [[XML]] and/or [[JSON]] representations of Django model instances.
* A system for extending the capabilities of the template engine.

==Bundled applications==

The main Django distribution also bundles a number of applications in its "contrib" package, including:

* An extensible authentication system.
* The dynamic administrative interface.
* Tools for generating [[RSS (file format)|RSS]] and [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] syndication feeds.
* A flexible commenting system.
* A sites framework that allows one Django installation to run multiple websites, each with their own content and applications
* Tools for generating [[Google Sitemaps]].
* Tools for preventing [[cross-site request forgery]].
* Template libraries which enable the use of [[lightweight markup language]]s such as [[Textile (markup language)|Textile]] and [[Markdown]].
* A framework for creating [[Geographic information system|GIS]] applications.

===Server arrangements===

Django can be run in conjunction with [[Apache HTTP Server|Apache]] using [[mod_python]] or [[mod_wsgi]]. Django also includes the ability to launch a [[FastCGI]] server, enabling use behind any web server which supports FastCGI. Other [[Web Server Gateway Interface|WSGI]]-compliant web servers should also be able to be used. Django officially supports four database backends: [[PostgreSQL]], [[MySQL]], [[SQLite]] and [[Oracle Database|Oracle]]. [[MS SQL]] backend can be used with [http://code.google.com/p/django-mssql/ django-mssql] but only in [[Microsoft]] [[operating systems]].

Versions of Django prior to 1.0 had multithreading issues <ref>http://code.djangoproject.com/wiki/DjangoSpecifications/Core/Threading</ref> and it would be recommended that those versions of Django only be used in a single threaded server configuration, such as with Apache prefork MPM using mod_python or embedded mode of mod_wsgi. Although Django 1.0 is principally believed to now be thread safe, some minor threading issues are still occasionally being found; it may be prudent to continue to use a single threaded server configuration and/or stay current with Django releases and notices about the multithreading issues. <ref>http://code.djangoproject.com/wiki/DjangoSpecifications/Core/Threading </ref>

[[Google App Engine]] includes Django 0.96.1<ref>http://code.google.com/appengine/articles/django.html</ref> as one of the bundled frameworks.

=== Django books ===
On December 2007, "The Definitive Guide to Django", a Django book for version 0.96.1 was published by [[Apress]], and released under the [[GNU Free Document License]]. A second edition of the book, for versions 1.0+, is currently in progress.<ref>[http://www.djangobook.com/en/2.0/ The Django Book: Version 2.0 (English)]</ref>

In June  2009, [[Apress]] published the second edition of the book "Practical Django Projects" by James Bennett (the first edition was released in June 2008.)<ref>[http://apress.com/book/view/1430219386]</ref>

In December 2008, [[Apress]] also published the book "Pro Django" by Marty Alchin.<ref>[http://apress.com/book/view/1430210478]</ref>

Packt Publishing has released three books on Django:

* "Learning Website Development with Django" by Ayman Hourieh <ref>[http://www.packtpub.com/django-website-development-tutorial/book]</ref>
* "Django 1.0 Template Development" by Scott Newman  <ref>[http://www.packtpub.com/django-1.0-template-design-practical-guide/book]</ref>
* "Django 1.0 Website Development" by Ayman Hourieh <ref>[http://www.packtpub.com/django-1-0-website-development-2nd-edition/book]</ref>

In November 2008, Addison-Wesley published "Python Web Development with Django" by Jeff Forcier <ref>[http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/academic/product/0,3110,0132356139,00.html]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}
*[[Comparison of web application frameworks]]
*[[Pylons]]
*[[TurboGears]]
*[[web2py]]
*[[Zope]]

==External links==
*[http://www.djangoproject.com Django Project home page]

{{Python Web Application Frameworks}}
{{Application frameworks}}

[[Category:Python web application frameworks]]
[[Category:Python software]]

[[cs:Django]]
[[de:Django (Framework)]]
[[es:Django]]
[[fr:Django (framework)]]
[[ko:장고 (웹 프레임워크)]]
[[it:Django web framework]]
[[lv:Django (tīmekļa ietvars)]]
[[ja:Django]]
[[no:Django]]
[[pl:Django]]
[[pt:Django (framework web)]]
[[ru:Django]]
[[simple:Django (web framework)]]
[[sv:Django]]
[[tr:Django (Web Çatısı)]]
[[uk:Django]]
[[zh:Django]]